Guide to the Phenomenon of State (Manifesto of the State's Nature)

 

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Capitalism against democracy

Throughout the entire history of mankind there are a lot of studies on capitalism, socialism and democracy taking separately as well as on comparative characteristics of the two or of the three of them. Well, “enough is enough”, of course. Yet reading books on modern history one might unintentionally be haunted by a persistent thought (though another one might not) - that capitalism (or a free market society) and democracy (particularly representative democracy) seem to be antipodes. What this treachery idea is based upon? Are there any logical or rational foundations for such an extravagant thought besides some superficial impression? Let us start with the three of them.

First, traditional capitalism as a free market society throughout all its history (18th -19th centuries) is associated either with some form of dictatorship (empire, monarchy, aristocracy, etc) or with one or another type of voting rights’ system based on property census (or on voting or suffrage franchise) and only when universal suffrage comes along capitalism starts to transform into socialism – not as ideology or philosophy, but as practical societal construction - with all attributes of the latter such as elevated income redistribution and extensive taxation, state domination in society, state regulation of economy, market limitations, social guarantees, etc.

Second, much more important and essentially explaining our first thesis - democracy in its nature is based on enormous expropriations of property (through the phenomenon of taxation) and on various limitations of property rights (under the state regulation and interventions in economy). Such nature is rather straightforward because under the "one man - one vote" arithmetically (by simple vote counting) the poorer majority is always getting redistribution of money of the richer minority in its favor raising the level of progressive taxation up in the sky.

Third, escalation of the State domination in economy and society under representative democracy based in its turn on accelerating income redistribution through the State is downgrading and suppressing not only all free market principles corresponding to our understanding of traditional capitalism, but to a permanently rising extent is downgrading and suppressing personal freedom as well.

Before going any further with analysis we must provide straightforward definitions and clearly differentiate between capitalism and socialism including what concerns their time frame. Table bellow proposes such analysis.

 

Capitalism

Socialism

Property rights Natural Permanently interfered and violated by the State

Private property

Foundation of society and dominative

Subject to rigorous State control

State regulations and state interventions in economy

Very limited

Corner stone of economic policy

Competition

Unlimited

Suppressed by State regulation, “public” procurement and artificial “incentives” (including lobbying)

Income distribution

Free

Significantly limited by triple - income redistribution, state regulation and artificial “incentives”

State expenditures and taxation

Very limited

Enormous

Social security

Minimal

Enormous

Income redistribution

Very limited

Enormous

Underlining type of governance system

Either dictatorship (monarchy or empire) or property census democracy (constitutional monarchy or republic)

Representative democracy based on universal suffrage

Time period

Second half of 17th century (after English revolution of 1649) till 1930th

1930th till today

Nature Free market society (free from any social monopolies based on power and coercion) Exclusive rights of the top-level State bureaucracy (representatives) on the entire state property including on the mechanisms of power and coercion

What concerns the time frame or a time division line between capitalism and inauguration of socialism in our society bind by the expansion of State expenditures, it is commonly attributed to 1930th in the aftermath of the Great Depression being theoretically or ideologically underlined by Mr. Keynes. Two remarks, however, have to be made on that: 

1.  There are several studies (based, of course, on factual data) that booming State expenditures have started much earlier than that - yet in 1920th, before any depression (particularly interesting is the work of Randall J. Holcombe - The Growth of the Federal Government in 1920’s - available online). Table bellow somewhat exhibits this idea presenting an expansion of Federal government expenditures in the United States. Even from this simple table we can see that Federal government outlays in 1925 have increased more than four-fold comparatively to 1916, while in 1936 comparatively to 1931 only 2.3 times. 1920th are precisely the years when universal suffrage started to work at it's full capacity not only in the United States, but worldwide as well.

Selected years

Federal government outlays (in millions of dollars)

Federal government outlays (in percent of GDP)

Growth in % to the previous period in the table (not accounting for USD depreciation)

1789–1849

1090 (avg. per year - 18)

No data

 

1850–1900

15453 (avg. per year - 309)

No data

1610

1901

525

No data

70

1916

713

No data

35.8

1917

1 954

No data

174

1918

12 677

No data

549

1919

18 493

No data

45.9

1925

2 924

No data

310 (to 1916)

1931

3 577

4.3

22.3

1936

8 228

10.5

130.0

1938

6 840

7.7

-16.9

1940

9 468

9.8

38.4

1941

13 653

12.0

44.2

1942

35 137

24.3

157.4

1945

92 712

41.9

163.9

1948

29 764

11.6

-67.9

1950

42 562

15.6

43.0

1960

92 191

17.8

116.6

1970

195 649

19.3

112.2

1980

590 941

21.7

202.0

1990

1 253 165

21.8

112.1

Source: The U.S. Government Printing Office

2.  What has started in 1920th or in 1930th was a clear-cut boom of the State expenditures. A moderate growth of State expenditures and some elements of socialism in economy (universal public education, embryonic social security, unions, rudiments of progressive taxation, etc.) we can observe already in the late 19th century.

Table bellow demonstrates how different types of suffrage franchise were represented and disenfranchised in different countries under traditional capitalism (18th-19th centuries). Very interesting analysis both of voting franchise and of augmentation of the size of government as well as of the correlation between the two is proposed in the work of Toke S. Aidt and Peter S. Jensen - Tax Structure, Size of Government, and the Extension of the Voting Franchise in Western Europe, 1860-1938 - also available online.

Belgium

Universal suffrage starting from 1893 (weakened by a plural vote for electors fulfilling certain conditions of income, age and education)

Italy

Widening of suffrage in 1882 (the requirement to pay 20 lire in direct taxes per annum and abolished altogether for those with two years' schooling)

Austria

Suffrage was restricted, and it was tied to property provisions until 1907. The emperor was authorized to govern without parliament in the event that the assembly should prove unable to work.

New Zealand

1879 - Property requirement abolished.

1893 - Women given equal voting rights with men.

UK

Representation of the People Act 1884 - amended the Reform Act of 1867 so that it would apply equally to the countryside; 40% of males were still disenfranchised, whilst women could not vote.

Property restrictions for voting were lifted for men only in 1918

USA

In the United States, suffrage is determined by states, not federally. There is no national "right to vote". Suffrage franchise for white male started to disintegrate after the civil war.

U.S. Constitution has been changed five times to disallow states from limiting suffrage, thereby expanding it, for example:

15th Amendment (1870): no law may restrict any race from voting

19th Amendment (1920): no law may restrict any sex from voting

24th Amendment (1964): neither Congress nor the states may condition the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other type of tax

Germany

17th century – 1918 Kingdom of Prussia and German empire

Following the unification of Germany, Bismarck introduced universal male suffrage for elections to the Imperial Parliament (called the Reichstag) from 1871

France

1799-1815 empire of Napoleon Bonnapart

1815 – 1830 return of monarchy (Louis XVIII, Charles X)

1830-1848 constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe with suffrage census

1852 – 1870 Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (short second republic with universal suffrage for men and second empire)

After 1870 – IIIrd republic gradual introduction of universal suffrage